#include <ctype.h>

int isspace(int c) {
    return c == ' ' || c == '\t' || c == '\n' || c == '\r' || c == '\f' || c == '\v';
}

int isdigit(int c) {
    return c >= '0' && c <= '9';
}

int isalpha(int c) {
    return (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') || (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z');
}

int isalnum(int c) {
    return isalpha(c) || isdigit(c);
}

int isxdigit(int c) {
    return isdigit(c) || (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f') || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F');
}

int ispunct(int c) {
    // ASCII punctuation: visible, non-alnum, non-space.
    if (c <= 0x20 || c >= 0x7F) return 0;
    return !isalnum(c);
}

int tolower(int c) {
    if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') return c - 'A' + 'a';
    return c;
}

int toupper(int c) {
    if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') return c - 'a' + 'A';
    return c;
}